Introduction

 
Starting, Interrupting and Terminating
      <Ctrl>-C
      quit;
      <Ctrl>-\

 
Identifiers

 
Assignment

      Simple Assignment
            x := expression;
            Example State_Identifiers (H1E1)
            x₁, x₂, ..., x_n := expression;
            _ := expression;
            assigned x : Var -> BoolElt
            Example State_MultipleReturns (H1E2)

      Indexed Assignment
            x[expr₁][expr₂]...[expr_n] := expression;
            Example State_Indexing (H1E3)

      Generator Assignment
            E<x₁, x₂, ...x_n> := expression;
            E<[x]> := expression;
            Example State_GeneratorNamingSequence (H1E4)
            AssignNames(~S, [s₁, ... s_n] ) : Str, [ MonStgElt ] ->
            Example State_GeneratorNaming (H1E5)

      Mutation Assignment
            x o:= expression;
            Example State_MutationAssignment (H1E6)

      Deletion of Values
            delete x : Var ->

 
Boolean Values

      Creation of Booleans
            Booleans() : -> Bool
            # B : Bool -> RngIntElt
            true
            Random(B) : Bool -> BoolElt

      Boolean Operators
            x and y : BoolElt, BoolElt -> BoolElt
            x or y: BoolElt, BoolElt -> BoolElt
            x xor y: BoolElt, BoolElt -> BoolElt
            not x : BoolElt -> BoolElt

      Equality Operators
            x eq y : Any, Any -> BoolElt
            x ne y : Any, Any -> BoolElt
            x cmpeq y : Any, Any -> BoolElt
            x cmpne y : Any, Any -> BoolElt
            Example State_Equality (H1E7)

      Iteration
            Example State_Booleans (H1E8)

 
Coercion
      S ! x : Str, Elt -> Elt
      IsCoercible(S, x) : Str, Elt -> Bool, Elt

 
The where ... is Construction
      expression₁ where identifier is expression₂
      Example State_where (H1E9)

 
Conditional Statements and Expressions

      The Simple Conditional Statement
            if-then-else
            elif
            Example State_if (H1E10)

      The Simple Conditional Expression
            Example State_InLineConditional (H1E11)

      The Case Statement
            case expr : when expr_i : statements end case : ->
            Example State_case (H1E12)

      The Case Expression
            case< expr | expr_{left, 1} : expr_((right), 1), ..., expr_((left), n) : expr_((right), n), default : expr_def> : ->

 
Error Handling Statements

      The Error Objects
            Error(x) : Any -> Err
            e`Position : Err -> MonStgElt
            e`Traceback : Err -> MonStgElt
            e`Object : Err -> Any
            e`Type : Err -> MonStgElt

      Error Checking and Assertions
            error expression, ..., expression;
            error if boolexpr, expression, ..., expression;
            assert boolexpr;

      Catching Errors
            try statements catch e statements end try : ->
            Example State_while (H1E13)

 
Iterative Statements

      Definite Iteration
            for i := expr₁ to expr₂ by expr₃ do
            for

      Indefinite Iteration
            while
            Example State_while (H1E14)
            repeat-until
            Example State_repeat (H1E15)
            forrandom

      Dual Iteration
            for
            forrandom

      Early Exit from Iterative Statements
            Example State_break (H1E16)

 
Runtime Evaluation: the eval Expression
      eval expression
      Example State_eval1 (H1E17)
      Example State_eval2 (H1E18)

 
Comments and Continuation
      //
      /* */
      \
      Example State_Various (H1E19)

 
Timing
      Cputime() : -> FldReElt
      Cputime(t) : FldReElt -> FldReElt
      Realtime() : -> FldReElt
      Realtime(t) : FldReElt -> FldReElt
      ClockCycles() : -> RngIntElt
      Time() : -> MonStgElt
      Time(T) : MonStgElt -> MonStgElt
      time statement;
      vtime flag: statement;
      SetShowRealTime(v) : BoolElt ->
      GetShowRealTime() : -> BoolElt
      Example State_Time (H1E20)
      Example State_TimeMultiThreaded (H1E21)

 
Types, Category Names, and Structures
      Type(x) : Elt -> Cat
      ExtendedType(x) : Elt -> ECat
      ISA(T, U) : Cat, Cat -> BoolElt
      BaseType(T) : ECat -> Cat
      # T : ECat -> RngIntElt
      T[i] : ECat, RngIntElt -> .
      Example State_ExtendedTypeAccessors (H1E22)
      MakeType(S) : MonStgElt -> Cat
      ElementType(S) : Str -> Cat
      CoveringStructure(S, T) : Str, Str -> Str
      ExistsCoveringStructure(S, T) : Str, Str -> BoolElt, Str
      Example State_TypeStructures (H1E23)

 
Random Object Generation
      SetSeed(s, c) : RngIntElt, RngIntElt ->
      GetSeed() : -> RngIntElt, RngIntElt
      Random(S) : Str -> Elt
      Random(a, b) : RngIntElt, RngIntElt -> RngIntElt
      Random(b) : RngIntElt -> RngIntElt
      Example State_IsIntrinsic (H1E24)

 
Miscellaneous
      IsIntrinsic(S) : MonStgElt -> Bool, Intrinsic
      Example State_IsIntrinsic (H1E25)

 
Bibliography

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